Sergey Mikhaylovich Lyapunov
(b. Yaroslavl, 30 November 1859 - d. Paris, 8 November 1924)
Symphony No.1
B-minor, op. 12
Preface
Nowadays those seeking further information on lesser-known composers need not ne-cessarily visit a library; the electronic media usually provide a quick and convenient alternative. But anyone who types the name of the Russian composer Lyapunov into the standard search engines will be suddenly confronted with differential equations and probability theories. True, the seeker will have found his way into the right fami-ly. But the composer Sergey Lyapunov was later eclipsed in fame and longevity even within his own family, namely, by his brother Alexander, a successful mathematician and physicist two years his senior.
Sergey Lyapunov was born in Yaroslavl in 1859. His father Mikhail was an astronomer and physicist who headed the neighboring observatory, thus paving the way for the professional career of his first-born son Alexander. Sergey’s mother, Sofia, was a pianist who probably influenced the choice of profession of the other two brothers, Sergey and Boris. Following his father’s untimely death, Sergey’s mother moved with her three sons to Nizhniy-Novgorod in 1870. This was the birthplace of Mily Balakirev, who was to become another lodestone in Lyapunov’s life, although it was probably only much later that the two men actually met.
Sergey attended the local high school and a class at the Russian Music Society in which he could continue the musical, and especially pianistic training he had begun with his mother. In 1878, at the suggestion of Nikolai Rubinstein, he switched to Moscow Conservatory, where he received solid instruction at the piano and attended several composition classes, including Tchaikovsky’s last class before he left the faculty. The composition teacher with the greatest influence on the young Lyapunov was probably Sergey Taneyev.
In 1883 Lyapunov passed his examinations in piano and composition with distinction. In the same year he made the personal acquaintance of Balakirev, whose music he had already been studying for years. Two years later he moved permanently to St. Petersburg and wholeheartedly joined Balakirev’s circle. Balakirev, though a good and ingratiating teacher and mentor, had a thoroughly domineering personality. Nevertheless, unlike virtually all the other disciples, Lyapunov maintained a lifelong friendship with his patron – a remarkable circumstance considering Balakirev’s frequently gruff manner towards other people. But this friendship came at a price: Balakirev’s heavy influence virtually stalled the emergence of a personal style of composition in his followers. Nor was Lyapunov particularly ambitious in this respect. Thus, his music frequently leaves the listener with an impression of plagiarism or imitation – an impression also voiced by his fellow-composers with overtones of disapproval.
For Lyapunov himself, this did not at first pose a problem, for rather than limiting his musical activities to composition he kept them broad and many-sided. His brilliant technique made him a much sought-after pianist. He also held leading positions at se-veral educational institutions, including the Free School of Music founded by Balakirev (1908-11). Lastly, he was active in musicology, co-editing the works of Glinka, collecting folk songs, orchestrating incomplete works left behind by Russian composers, and publishing Balakirev’s correspondence with Tchaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov.
Balakirev’s death in 1910 initiated a gradual change in Lyapunov’s music that may be interpreted as uncertainty or a lack of direction. The number of his “compositional models” expanded to include musicians outside the Balakirev circle, but his already slender body of music was seldom augmented by large-scale symphonic works, and of those many never reached publication. His appearances as pianist and conductor became more frequent than ever before. From 1910 to 1917 he held a professorship in piano and theory at St. Petersburg Conservatory, and from 1919 he taught at the city’s newly founded Institute of Art History. But his working conditions became diffi-cult in every respect following the Russian Revolution, and in 1923 he left the Soviet Union and relocated to Paris, where he founded a music school for Russian émigrés. His period of activity in Paris was unfortunately cut short by his death in 1924 from the effects of a heart attack.
Lyapunov left behind a rather slender oeuvre limited to relatively few genres. The bulk of his music is made up of songs and piano pieces, besides which we also find a few orchestral works, including two symphonies, two piano concertos, and a violin concerto.
In 1887, having just turned eighteen, Lyapunov completed his First Symphony. Balakirev’s teaching had borne fruit; nowhere does this four-movement symphony of roughly forty minutes’ duration sound like an immature early work. We search in vain for the “teething troubles” found in other composers’ juvenilia: the proportions of the movements and the key scheme are well-balanced, the thematic development never sounds tedious, and nowhere is the orchestration congested – a masterpiece of compositional workmanship!
The main brunt of the symphony falls on its opening movement. The motif of the introductory Andantino section, intoned in B minor by the horns, becomes the germ-cell of the main theme that follows (Allegro con spirito). This is followed in turn by a contrasting lyrical second theme (Poco più tranquillo), initially stated by the bass clarinet and accompanied by the violas. Both themes are developed in an almost classical manner before the movement fades away in a brief coda (Più mosso). It is not only the key of this movement that recalls Alexander Borodin’s Second Symphony composed some ten years earlier – likewise under Balakirev’s supervision!
The second movement (Andante sostenuto) thrives primarily on its rich E-flat-major string sonority; only the darker middle section (Pochissimo meno mosso) creates a momentary contrast.
Then comes a lilting G-major scherzo (Allegro vivace) that almost makes us feel transported into a ballet score à la Tchaikovsky.
The finale (Allegro molto) returns to the introductory motif of the opening movement with its B-minor main theme. At times the melodic structure of the themes recalls Rakhmaninov; their development, the middle symphonies of Glazunov (Nos. 4-6). This is not to impute plagiarism, however, for the works in question did not arise until later. The inherently poised symphony finally comes to an end in a broad B-major Grandioso.
Lyapunov’s First Symphony was premièred at the Free Music School in St. Petersburg on 11 April 1888, with none other than Balakirev at the conductor’s desk. The critics and Lyapunov’s musical comrades-in-arms were full of praise, and on 3 December of the same year a repeat performance was held at the Russian Symphony Concerts, this time conducted by Rimsky-Korsakov. However, it was another two years before the work was published by Zimmermann of Leipzig in 1901. The print made little impression; our study score now gives music lovers a greater opportunity to become acquainted with Lyapunov’s unjustly neglected composition.
Translation: Bradford Robinson
For performance material please contact the publisher Zimmermann, Frankfurt. Reprint of a copy from the Musikabteilung der Leipziger Städtische Bibliotheken, Leipzig.
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