Franz Adolf Berwald
(b. Stockholm, 23 July 1796 –
d. Stockholm, 3 April 1868)
Concerto in A major for Two Violins and Orchestra (1817)
I Adagio – Rondo. Allegro – (p. 1)
II Tempo di Marcia – (p. 20)
III Allegro (p. 43)
Preface
Franz Berwald was the son of a violinist who played in the orchestra of the Royal Opera in Stockholm and gave the lad violin lessons from early childhood. From 1812 on the boy was a member of the Royal Chapel, which had been reconstituted by King Charles XIII after his ascent to the throne in 1811. He also played in the court orchestra and the opera, received violin lessons from Edouard du Puy, and began to compose. As might be expected, he wrote music for his own instrument and orchestra. The first result was Theme and Variations for Violin and Orchestra (1816), followed a year later by the Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra, which appears here for the first time in a study score. The climax of these early works was the Violin Concerto in C-sharp minor, premièred by his brother August Berwald in 1821. The music was barely intelligible and provoked peals of laughter from many listeners during the slow movement. Thereafter Berwald never wrote another work for violin and orchestra.
Berwald was a man of very many talents. In 1818 he founded the Musikalisk journal in Stockholm, later to be renamed Journal de musique. Following the death of his father in 1825, the family fell onto hard times, and Berwald applied for various stipends. Eventually the king himself underwrote a period of study in Berlin, where the young musician immersed himself in the composition of operas – with no prospect of performance. In order to survive, he opened an orthopedic and physiotherapeutic clinic in Berlin in 1835. It became highly successful; many of Berwald’s orthopedic inventions were still in widespread use decades after his death. He ceased to compose in these years. It was not until he moved to Vienna in 1841 and married Mathilde Scherer that he returned to the creation of music. In 1842 several of his symphonic poems were performed to rousing reviews in the Redoutensaal of Vienna’s Court Palace. Over the next three years he then composed his four symphonies, which are now considered perhaps his most extraordinary creations. In the course of the twentieth century, these symphonies posthumously secured him that place in music history which he deserved by rights during his lifetime as the leading Swedish composer of his era. But in the musical backwaters of Sweden his genius was little likely to receive even the slightest recognition. To choose an example, the only instrumental concerto he wrote during his maturity – the Piano Concerto of 1855 – had to wait until 1904 for its first performance. One of the few honors he received – and this outside his native country, of course – was an honorary membership in the Salzburg Mozarteum (1847).
After returning to Sweden in 1849, Berwald worked as the managing director of a glazier’s workshop in Sandö (Ångermanland) that belonged to an amateur violinist named Ludvig Petré. His focus now shifted to chamber music. In 1862 his opera Estrella de Soria was premièred in Stockholm’s Royal Theater. This led him to compose another opera, Drottningen av Golconda (The Queen of Golconda), whose première, scheduled for 1864, never materialized owing to a change in the theater’s management. It was not until 1866 that he slowly began to achieve recognition in Sweden as an artist of national stature. A scandal soon ensued: in 1867 he was appointed professor of composition at Stockholm Conservatory, only to have the appointment retracted a few days later and given to a competitor. This brought about the intervention of the royal house, after which the seventy-one-year-old composer was given the professorship after all, only to die the following year.
Berwald’s first symphony, the Symphonie sérieuse, was the only one he ever heard played by an orchestra (Stockholm, 1843). His fourth, the Symphonie naïve, was premièred in 1878, but the third (“Symphonie singulière”) had to wait until 1905 for its première, and the Second (in D major) was not heard until 1914. His mature style is noteworthy not only for its distinctive personal idiom, with its odd harmonic progressions and dramatic fractures, but also for such revolutionary formal innovations as the integration of the scherzo into the slow movement to create a sharp contrast – an astonishing effect that he employed (not for the first time) in the Sinfonie singulière. His early music already contains harbingers of these idiosyncrasies. Thus, the form of the Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra, which is laid out in a single movement with three (or four) sections, is highly unusual not only in its sequence of movements, but also in its key scheme and the opening harmonies of its slow introduction. The première, given by his siblings August and Caroline Berwald in Stockholm’s Great Börssalen on 10 January 1818, was a considerable success. Another performance, with Franz and August Berwald in the solo parts, took place on 5 November 1818 (this was Franz’s final appearance as a solo violinist). Two further performances, both involving August Berwald, are known to have taken place in 1822 and 1829. Thereafter a mantle of silence fell on this charming work, which today, given the general shortage of double violin concertos, is all the more deserving of being performed every now and again. The Double Concerto appeared in print for the first time in 1984, when it was published by Bärenreiter in volume 7 of their complete edition of Berwald’s works. Our volume contains a faithful reproduction of this first edition. A premier recording of the work, with Johannes Lörstad and Andreas Hagman accompanied by the Malmö Opera Orchestra under the baton of Niklas Willén, was released on the Sterling label in 2002 (CDS-1051-2). It is our hope that the present study score will help this charming and technically demanding work to achieve the more widespread dissemination it deserves
Christoph Schlüren, September 2011
For performance materials please contact the publisher, Bärenreiter, Kassel (www.baerenreiter.com).
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